Orthognathic surgical norms for a sample of Saudi adults: Hard tissue measurements

The major landmarks and reference planes used in Burstone et al. analysis: nasion (N), sella (S), anterior nasal spine (ANS), posterior nasal spine (PNS), pterygomaxillary fissure (PTM), point A (A), point B (B), pogonion (PG), gnathion (GN), menton (ME), gonion (GO), articular (AR), mesiobuccal cusp tip of upper first molar (UMT), mesiobuccal cusp tip of lower first molar (LMT). The reference planes: mandibular plane (MP), nasal floor plane (NF), horizontal plane (HP) a line 7° from SN plane, occlusal plane (OP) a line from buccal groove of both 1st molars through a point 1mm apical of incisal edge of lower central incisor.

Cranial base length and vertical skeletal measurements: 1; posterior cranial base (AR–PTM), 2; anterior cranial base (PTM–N), 3; upper anterior facial height (N–ANS), 4; lower anterior facial height (ANS–GN), 5; upper posterior facial height (PNS–N), 6; mandibular plane angle (MP–HP).

Vertical dental and maxilla/mandible measurements: 1; upper anterior dental height (U1–NF), 2; lower anterior dental height (L1–MP), 3; upper posterior dental height (UM–NF), 4; lower posterior dental height (LM–MP), 5; maxillary length (PNS–ANS), 6; chin depth (B–PG), 7; gonial angle (AR–GO–GN).